(for the sake of brevity, negative frequency components are omitted). The electric field is now expressed as a function of frequency, Δω and Δt are related through the uncertainty relation1
ΔωΔt=4ln(2),
and the spectral phase, φ(ω), describes the relationship between the frequency components of the pulse. In equation (2), ω as well as Δω represent angular frequencies. Angular frequency can be converted to linear frequency, ν (i.e. the observable quantity), by dividing it by 2 π,
ν = ω/2 π
In terms of the linear frequency, the uncertainty principle is given by,
cB = ΔνΔτ = 2ln(2)/ π
When an input pulse, Ein(ω), passes through a dispersive medium, the phase added by the material is given simply by the product of the input field with the transfer function of the material. The emerging pulse Eout(ω), is given by,