Learn about laser classifications and the controls and protective equipment required to stay safe.
To assess the quality, performance, and characteristics of laser diodes, manufacturers often perform exhaustive testing which requires electro-optical, spectral and spatial characterization …
A pyroelectric crystalline material has electric polarization even in the absence of an applied voltage. On heating, the material expands and produces a change in the polarization which …
Precise control of polarization behavior is necessary to obtain optimal performance from optical components and systems. Characteristics such as reflectivity, insertion loss, and beamsplitter …
A laser is a source of coherent light. It contains an optical oscillator that increases the amplitude of an optical field while maintaining its phase. This coherent amplification is …
Simple beam expanders are essentially telescopes which, in their most basic forms, consist of two lenses. The input beam is assumed to be collimated. The first lens must have a diameter …
Measurement techniques of the power, flux (equivalent to power but measured in units of lumens), and spectrum of LEDs is not very different from that of traditional light sources.
The most common laser light characteristics include: wavelength, gain bandwidth, monochromaticity, spatial and temporal profiles, collimation, output power, coherence and polarizat …
The critical components of a laser are a gain medium (acts as medium for population inversion), a pump source (serves as energy source for inverting population), and a resonator (provides …
激光器通常以其增益介质来识别，以产生受激辐射的辐射物质进行分类。这些辐射物质包括稀薄气体中的原 子和分子，以相对较低的浓度溶解在液体溶液中的有机分子，半导体材料，以及晶状固体或者掺杂高浓度离子的 玻璃类的介电材料。这些激光器通常被称为气体、液体、半导体和固体激光器。正如第I.A.1 节所述，辐射物质的 浓度对介质能级的形成有重要作用。转之，这些能级会决定光学泵浦跃迁、粒子数反转结构、激光辐射波长以及 …
It is often desirable to operate lasers in a pulsed mode since this can significantly increase the peak output power.
The first way to perform laser wavelength tuning uses a wavelength-selective element to choose a specific portion under a gain bandwidth to lase. The second method of wavelength tuning …
Electron-hole recombination processes give rise to spontaneous emission in an LED and stimulated emission in a laser diode.
Radiometry is the measurement of energy or power in electromagnetic radiation fields or light. The average output power is the most common radiometric measurement since many light sources, …
The characteristics of such high-speed photoreceivers as well as their associated applications are the subjects of this technical note.
Given the different types of laser beam spatial distributions and their evolution as they propagate in free space and through optical elements, measurement of the beam profile is critical …
Optical mirrors consist of metallic or dielectric films deposited directly on a substrate such as glass, differing from common mirrors, which are coated on the back surface of the …
Optical coatings typically consist of thin films made up of single or multiple layers of either metallic or dielectric materials. When properly designed and fabricated, these coatings …
Lenses are essentially light-controlling elements and so are exploited for light gathering and image formation.
This technical note discusses the fundamental physics of optical fibers, their practical implementation, and the various types of optical fibers.
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